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Links to Related Research
Characteristics of H-1B
Workers
“Losing the World's Best and Brightest: America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Part V,” March 2009
This paper finds that of the foreign national students surveyed, more are planning to leave the United States after graduation than the historical norm as measured in STEM disciplines. A significant percentage of these students also indicated that they intend to open businesses in the future, which is a prevalent sentiment among Indian and Chinese nationals currently studying in the United States — a significant contrast to the recent past, when Chinese and Indian degree holders were very likely to stay in America and continue working or in a research capacity (even more so in the Ph.D. ranks).
Technology Policy Institute
“The Budgetary Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Reform,” March 2009
Most economists believe that admitting more foreign-born highly skilled workers – particularly in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics — is beneficial to the U.S. economy. And because highly skilled workers pay substantially more in taxes than they receive in federal benefits, high-skilled immigration has additional positive effects on the federal budget. This paper examines those fiscal effects to help inform the immigration policy debate.
National Foundation for America Policy
“H-1B Visas by the Numbers,” March 2009
This report examines past H-1B cap visa use and recent research on high skilled immigration and that reveals many of the arguments made to restrict the H-1B visa are off point. The report predicts that even though the number of initial H-1B FY 2010 cap applications may be fewer due to the economy, the low quotas combined with the demand built up by the inability of employers to hire skilled professional on new H-1B visas over the past year will contribute to employers likely reaching the H-1B 65,000 and 20,000 caps. The report points to recent surveys of Chinese and Indian professionals who have left America in part because of visa constraints.
National Bureau of Economic Research
“How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation,” August 2008
This report explores individual patenting behavior as well as state–level determinants of patenting to measure the extent to which skilled immigrants increase innovation in the United States. The data imply that a one percentage point rise in the share of immigrant college graduates in the population increases patents per capita by 6 percent. The report additionally finds that natives are not crowded out by immigrants, and that immigrants do have positive spill–overs, resulting in an increase in patents per capita of about 15 percent in response to a one percentage point increase in immigrant college graduates.
Applied Research in Economic Development
“Skilled Immigration and Economic Growth,” May 2008
This report, authored by professors from Harvard and Duke University, as well as the University of California, Berkeley, concludes that highly skilled science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) foreign graduates contribute significantly to U.S. economic growth and global competitiveness. The report found that of the roughly 2,000 companies interviewed, over 25% reported at least one key founder as an immigrant; the top immigrant founders for U.S. engineering and technology companies were from India; California, New Jersey and Michigan had the greatest percentage of companies founded by immigrants; and most immigrant founders had strong backgrounds in STEM related fields, while many immigrant founders’ entry visa were either F-1 student visas or an H-1B specialty occupation visas. According to this report, U.S. immigration policy should do more to welcome these highly educated, skilled immigrants who are making important contributions to our national economic development.
The Partnership for New York City
“Winning the Global Race for Talent,” March 2008
The Partnership for New York City conducted an unprecedented survey of international companies in its membership that have headquarters or major operations in New York in order to better understand how the city stacks up in the race for global talent. This report includes the alarming results of that study as well as policy recommendations to put New York back on an even footing in the race for global talent.
National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP)
“H-1B Visas and Job Creation,” March 2008
New research shows that hiring H-1B visa holders is associated with increases in employment at U.S. technology companies, undermining the assertion that foreign-born professionals harm the job prospects of Americans. This report addresses arguments made to justify current limitations on hiring talented international students and other foreign nationals in the United States.
National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP)
“Talent Search: Job Openings and the Need for Skilled Labor in the U.S. Economy,” March 2008
According to this new report from NFAP, major U.S. technology companies today average more than 470 U.S.-based job openings for skilled positions while defense companies have more than 1,265 each, indicating U.S. businesses continue to experience difficulty in filling positions for skilled labor of all kinds. This is part of a longer-term trend that threatens America’s economic future, with U.S. companies lacking access to skilled professionals needed to grow and innovate.
National Science Foundation
“An Overview of Science, Engineering, and Health Graduates: 2006,” Steven Proudfoot, March 2008
This report is a compilation of data collected from the 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates (NSRCG), demonstrating the characteristics of individuals who received bachelor's or master's degrees in science, engineering, or health (SEH) fields during the academic years 2003, 2004, and 2005.
National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP)
“Driving Jobs and Innovation Offshore: The Impact of High-Skill Immigration Restrictions on America,” December 2007
This study points to the growing number of U.S. technology companies, research labs and other businesses forced to pursue offshore alternatives due to current and proposed restrictions on high-skill immigration. The burgeoning demand for skilled labor throughout the U.S. economy and an increasing need to compete globally has created a demand for scientists, engineers and professionals in the United States that cannot be filled by Americans alone.
Duke University, New York University, Harvard University and the Kauffman Foundation
“America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Part III: Intellectual Property, the Immigration Backlog, and a Reverse Brain-Drain,” August 2007
This paper - the third in a series of studies focusing on immigrants’ contributions to the competitiveness of the U.S. economy - finds that the number of skilled workers waiting for visas is significantly larger than the number that can be admitted to the United States. This imbalance creates the potential for a sizeable reverse brain-drain from the United States to the skilled workers’ home countries.
National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP)
“H-1B Visas, Enforcement, Outsourcing and U.S. Workers: An H-1B Primer,” May 2007
This report helps to explain that H-1B professionals fill key niches in the U.S. labor market and enhance the ability of U.S. companies to compete globally for talent and markets. The NFAP brief supports that H-1B visa holders keep jobs and innovations inside the United States and do not lead to the elimination of U.S. jobs through “outsourcing” or other means. The brief stresses that without sufficient H- 1B visas outstanding international students and researchers and engineers from abroad cannot work in the United States, particularly since the typical wait time for an employment-based green card is 5 years or more.
National Foundation for American Policy
“U.S. Green Card Delays Worsen for Employment-Based Immigrants: Options Available for Congress to Fix the Problem,” May 2007
Today, many of the world’s most talented people come to America and are told to wait five years – or leave the country. The enormous backlogs and wait times for employment-based green cards sends a signal to many international students and other outstanding individuals that America may not be the place to build your career or raise your family. Given the importance of foreign-born scientists and engineers to the U.S. economy, failure to solve this problem threatens the level of innovation that takes place in America and the competitiveness of many U.S. companies. Making employment-based green card categories current for skilled immigrants could provide important competitive advantages for U.S. employers battling for talent against foreign competitors.
National Foundation for American Policy
“U.S. Businesses Contribute Over $91 Billion a Year in Taxes to Fund Public Education; Company-Paid H-1B Scholarship and Training Fees Approach $2 Billion Since 1999,” May 2007
U.S. businesses pay over $91 billion a year in state and local taxes directed toward public education, while the mandated scholarship and training fees U.S. companies pay for each H-1B professional hired are approaching $2 billion since 1999, according to this National Foundation for American Policy analysis. These findings undermine the argument that companies should not be permitted to hire international students and other foreign nationals on skilled visas unless they do more to support U.S. education.
Master
of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School
of Information, U.C. Berkeley
"America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs," January 2007
This study documents the economic and intellectual contributions
of first-generation immigrant technologists and engineers
at the national level. The report estimates that one quarter
of technology and engineering companies started between 1995
and 2005 had at least one senior executive - a founder, chief
executive, president or chief technology officer - who was
born outside of the United States.
National Venture
Capital Association
"American Made: The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and
Professionals on U.S. Competitiveness," Stuart Anderson and
Michaela Platzer, November 2006
This first-of-its-kind study shows the profound impact immigrant
entrepreneurs have had on company creation, innovation and
market value in the United States. Among its findings is the
fact that over the past 15 years, immigrants have started
1 in 4 (25 percent) U.S. public companies that were venture-backed,
representing a market capitalization of more than $500 billion.
However, the study also found that two-thirds of the immigrant
founders surveyed believe that current U.S. immigration policy
hinders the ability of future foreign-born entrepreneurs to
start American companies today.
The
Information Technology and Innovation Foundation
"Global Flows of Talent: Benchmarking the United States,"
David M. Hart, November 2006
This policy brief compares the flows of highly educated people
to the United States against similar flows to seven other
high-income countries: Australia, Canada, France, Germany,
Japan, New Zealand, and the U.K. It then compares how national
immigration policies foster or constrict these flows. Finally,
it makes several broad policy recommendations that the United
States should consider to ensure effective competition for
talent in the short-term and to develop a global system for
cultivating and using talent that is beneficial for everyone
over the long-term. Link to: http://www.itif.org/files/Hart-GlobalFlowsofTalent.pdf
Issues
in Science and Technology
"From Brain Drain to Mutual Gain: Sharing the Benefits
of High-Skill Migration," David M. Hart, Fall 2006
This paper argues that a global economy built on policies
that foster mutual gain would be both richer and fairer than
one premised on a war for talent.
National
Foundation for American Policy
"Legal Immigrants: Waiting Forever. An Analysis of the
Green Card Backlogs and Processing Delays Affecting Families,
Skilled Professionals and U.S. Employers," May 2006
This detailed review of immigration statistics from the U.S.
Department of State, Department of Homeland Security and U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Services reveals that those who
"play by the rules" are likely to wait many years to become
a lawful permanent resident, whether they are sponsored by
an employer or a family member. Moreover, those seeking to
become citizens must also endure long processing delays in
the quest for naturalization.
National
Foundation for American Policy
"H-1B Fees Paid By U.S. Companies Have Funded 40,000 Math
And Science Scholarships For U.S. Students; Fee Totals Exceed
$1 Billion Since 1999," March 2006
This report details the tremendous benefits that have been
realized from the $500 training and scholarship fee that U.S.
companies pay when they hire H-1B skilled foreign-born professionals.
Briefly, U.S. companies have paid more than $1 billion in
fees that have funded more than 40,000 scholarships for U.S.
students in math and science.
National
Foundation for American Policy
“H-1B Professionals and Wages: Setting the Record
Straight,” March 2006
Through a serious analysis of how the U.S. labor market functions,
this policy brief sets the record straight on why U.S. companies
hire foreign-born individuals on H-1B visas. It
specifically refutes critics’ assertions that H-1B holders
are paid less than Americans, showing that their pay is equal
to and in fact higher than the prevailing wage.
U.S.
Department of Homeland Security
"Characteristics of Specialty Occupation Workers (H-1B):
Fiscal Year 2003,"
issued November 2004
Most recent government report on the makeup of H-1B
visa holders and their employers. Finds that applications
for education-related services and for health/medical services
increased from the last fiscal year, while computer industry-related
applications declined during the same time period. Report
includes tables, graphs and statistics.
Links to Studies on
Trends Impacting Access to Highly Educated Workforce
Business Roundtable
“Lifelong Learning: An Essential Factor in Workforce Success and Global Competitiveness,” October 2008
Survey of employers conducted for Business Roundtable shows that U.S. businesses are:
- Wrestling with an undertrained workforce: Half see a sizeable gap between their needs and employees’ skills.
- Demanding better-educated workers: 65% anticipate hiring “all,” “most” or “some” workers with an associate degree or higher.
Council on Competitiveness
Private Sector Demand for Sustainable Energy Solutions: A Comprehensive Roadmap to Achieve Energy Security, Sustainability and Competitiveness
Recommendations: Bridge the Skills Gap and Build the Talent -- Harness global talent by amending U.S. immigration
laws. To help fill the talent pipeline, the United States should grant green cards to foreign
students receiving undergraduate and advanced degrees in scientific and engineering disciplines
from U.S. Institutions.
Migration Policy Institute
“Uneven Progress: The Employment Pathways of Skilled Immigrants in the United States,” October 2008
This report explains how highly skilled immigrants are underutilized in the U.S. labor market. It finds that one of every five highly skilled immigrants in the U.S. labor force are unemployed or working in unskilled jobs. Since numerous studies have shown that these immigrants contribute to the economy through innovation and entrepreneurship and that they produce a surplus for public coffers by paying more in taxes than they take out in services, the brain waste documented in this report represents unrealized returns not only to these immigrants and their families but also to the nation as a whole. The report posits that because human capital drives productivity and development, strategies to maximize the available human capital deserve the close attention of federal, state, and local policymakers.
Notices of the American Mathematical Society
“Cross-Cultural Analysis of Students with Exceptional Talent in Mathematical Problem Solving,” November 2008
After examining decades of data from extremely high-level youth mathematics competitions, researchers found that the United States is failing to develop the math skills of both girls and boys; girls who do succeed in the field are most often immigrants or daughters of immigrants from countries where mathematics is more highly valued. The study shows that there many girls in the United States with profound intrinsic aptitude for mathematics, however they are rarely identified due to socio-cultural, educational, or other environmental factors.
Council of Graduate Schools
“2008 CGS International Graduate Admissions Survey, Phase I: Applications,” April 2008
This report highlights survey data suggesting that the rate of growth in applications from prospective international graduate students has slowed considerably. Furthermore, a majority of the graduate schools that have consistently responded to the CGS survey still have not reversed the declines in international applications they suffered in 2004, when the number of applications to American colleges and universities from prospective international graduate students dipped by 28 percent.
National Science Foundation
“Unemployment Rate of U.S. Scientists and Engineers Drops to Record Low 2.5% in 2006,” Nirmala Kannankutty, March 2008
The overall unemployment rate of scientists and engineers in the United States dropped from 3.2% in 2003 to 2.5% in 2006, according to data from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT). This is the lowest unemployment rate measured by SESTAT since the early 1990s, and it continues a trend of lower unemployment rates for scientists and engineers compared with unemployment rates in the rest of the U.S. Economy.
National Science Board
"Science and Engineering Indicators,” February2008
This report is a volume of record comprising the major high-quality quantitative data on the U.S. and international science and engineering enterprise. SEI is factual and policy-neutral, and does not offer policy options or recommendations. The data presented are "indicators"— quantitative representations that provide summary information bearing on the scope, quality, and vitality of the science and engineering enterprise. The indicators reported in SEI are intended to contribute to an understanding of the current environment and to inform the development of future policies.
AeA
“Cyberstates 2007: A Complete State-by-State Overview of the High-Technology Industry,” April 2007
This report details national and state trends in high-tech employment, wages, and other key economic factors. The Cyberstates report is based on U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data collected from all businesses in the United States. The report shows that over the past two years there has been an increase in the amount of U.S. high-tech industry jobs by four percent. In 2006, the high-tech industry continued growing, adding nearly 150,000 net jobs for a total of 5.8 million in the United States, an increase from the 87,400 jobs added in 2005.
Public Policy Institute of California
"How Immigrants Affect California Employment and Wages," February 2007
This report examines the effects of the arrival of immigrants between 1960 and 2004 on the employment, population, and wages of U.S. natives in California. In this report, UC Davis economist Giovanni Peri explains that immigration helped to increase U.S.-born workers’ wages an average of 4 percent over the past four decades. Peri reports that there is no link between the influx of immigrants and the worsening of employment opportunities for natives over that timeframe. Within the same education and age group there is also no association between the influx of immigrants and the out-migration of natives.
CGS:
Council of Graduate Schools
"Findings from 2006 CGS International Graduate Admissions
Survey, Phase III: Admissions and Enrollment ," November 2006.
This report is based on the final phase of a three-part annual
survey of international graduate student applications, admissions,
and enrollment among CGS U.S. member institutions. The report
shows that the total enrollment of international graduate
students has increased one percent from 2005 to 2006, after
three consecutive years of declines. The findings in the report
confirm that there has been a recovery in international graduate
student flows to the United States.
American
Immigration Law Foundation
"The Growth and Reach of Immigration: New Census Bureau
Data Underscore Importance of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor
Force," August 2006
This report uses new Census Bureau data to underscore the
extent to which immigration continues to fuel the expansion
of the U.S. labor force. It concludes that America needs to
do more to provide new categories of permanent and temporary
visas for workers and visitors, as well as to lift arbitrary
numerical caps on immigration.
U.S.
Department of Education - Commission on the Future of Education
"A National Dialogue: The Secretary of Education's Commission
on the Future of Higher Education - Final Report," August
2006
This report argues that in order to retain the best and brightest
students and professionals from around the world, the federal
government must address immigration policies specifically
aimed at international students. The Commission recommends
that these international students who graduate with an advanced
science, technology, engineering or mathematics degree from
a U.S. college or university should have an expedited path
to an employer-sponsored green card and also be exempted from
the numerical cap for green cards. The Commission also recommends
eliminating the requirement that in order to receive a student
visa, all students must prove that they have no intent to
remain in the United States after graduating.
American
Immigration Law Foundation's Immigration Policy Center
"Building a Competitive Workforce: Immigration and the
U.S. Manufacturing Sector," August 2006
This report discusses the reasons for the rising loss in foreign
skilled labor and presents the threats and challenges that
this phenomenon has on the U.S. manufacturing industry and
its ability to compete in the global economy.
NAFSA:
Association of International Educators
"Restoring U.S. Competitiveness for International Students
and Scholars," June 2006
This report analyzes the current U.S. competitiveness position
for international students and scholars and provides comprehensive
recommendations for ensuring that the United States continues
to be a magnet for worldwide student talent.
Council
of Graduate Schools (CGS) - Phase 2 for 2006
NOW AVAILABLE
International Graduate Admissions Survey, 2004, 2005, and
2006
Since 2004, CGS has undertaken a survey research project to
investigate the international graduate admissions process.
The survey is conducted in three phases: Applications, Admissions,
and Enrollment. The idea for this research came from growing
concerns about new restrictions and regulations on international
student visas and changing global trends in international
student flows to U.S. Graduate institutions.
Council
of Graduate Schools (CGS)
"Graduate Enrollments and Degrees: 1986-2004," October
2005
This report presents a summary of the findings of the
2004 CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate Enrollment, a joint project
of the Council of Graduate Schools and the Graduate Record
Examinations Board.
United Nations
Expert Group Meeting on Migration and Development
"High Skilled Immigration in the International Arena,"
Barry R. Chiswick (University of Illinois at Chicago and IZA
Bonn), September 2005
This conceptual paper, prepared for a United Nations
Expert Group Meeting on Migration and Development, examines
the international mobility of high-skilled workers. The paper
provides, among other things, an historical background of
high-skilled international migration, the reasons for the
recent growth in demand for high-skilled workers in the technologically
advanced nations and the impact of high-skilled migration
on the level and distribution of income in the destinations.
American Electronics Association (AeA)
"Losing The Competitive Advantage? The Challenge For Science
And Technology In The United States," February 2005
This report explores the challenges that the United
States currently faces and, in many ways, ignores at its peril,
with the purpose of warning audiences that America's competitive
advantage, particularly in science and technology, is increasingly
at risk.
National
Foundation for American Policy (NFAP)
"The Multiplier Effect," Summer 2004
This report examines the impact that children of immigrants
and foreign-born students have on technological and scientific
advancement in this country. NFAP produced its findings after
conducting more than 50 interviews and examining the immigration
backgrounds of top U.S. high school students.
National
Association Of Manufacturers' Annual Labor Day Report
"The Looming Workforce Crisis: Preparing American Workers
For 21st Century Competition," September 2005
This report explores how rapid changes in technology
and intense global competition - particularly from Asia -
have led to growing anxiety about the future of American competitiveness.
The report argues that in order to keep our economy strong
and stay competitive, we must recommit our nation to innovation
and the concerted development of a more highly educated and
skilled workforce.
TAP Report
"Tapping America's Potential: The Education for Innovation
Initiative," July 2005
Fifteen prominent U.S. business organizations joined
together to issue this report that announces a goal to double
the number of science, technology, engineering and mathematics
graduates with bachelor's degrees by 2015. Citing increasing
foreign competition and decreasing domestic interest in these
fields, the organizations together believe that reaching this
goal will be critical to maintaining our country's competitiveness
in the 21st century.
Council
of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST)
"Sustaining the Nation's Innovation Ecosystem: Maintaining
the Strength of Our Science and Engineering Capabilities,"
June 2004
The report states that scientific and engineering talent
lies at the core of the Nation's innovation ecosystem. Technical
skills are required at all points within the ecosystem from
the research labs to the basic workforce. Noting that global
inroads are occurring at all education levels, the report
calls for action at each stage of the science and engineering
workforce pipeline.
The Task
Force on the Future of American Innovation
"The Knowledge Economy: Is the United States Losing its
Competitve Edge?," February, 2004
The Task Force has developed a set of benchmarks to
assess the international standing of the United States in
science and technology. These benchmarks in education, the
science and engineering (S&E) workforce, scientific knowledge,
innovation, investment and high-tech economic output reveal
troubling trends across the research and development (R&D)
spectrum. The study finds that the United States still leads
the world in research and discovery, but our advantage is
rapidly eroding, and our global competitors may soon overtake
us. (February 2004)
National
Intelligence Council (NIC)
"Mapping the Global Future: Report of the National Intelligence
Council's 2020 Project", December, 2004
This is the third unclassified report prepared by the
National Intelligence Council (NIC) in recent years that takes
a long-term view of the future. It offers a fresh look at
how key global trends might develop over the next decade and
a half to incluence world events. Mindul that there are many
possible "futures," our report offers a range of possibilities
and potential discontinuities, as a way of opening out minds
to developments we might otherwise miss.
Council
on Competitveness
National Innovation Initiative Final Report: Innovate
America, December, 2004
The physical and policy structures that support innovators,
including networks for information, transportation, healthcare
and energy; intellectual property protection; business regulation;
and structures for collaboration among innovation stakeholders.
Recommendations support a new industry-academia alliance,
an innovation infrastructure for the 21st century, a flexible
intellectual property regime, strategies to bolster the nation's
manufacturing enterprises, and a national innovation leadership
network.
Northeastern University Center for Labor Market Studies
"Understanding & Responding to Imbalances in Engineering
IT Labor Markets", September 15, 2004
A recent study by Dr. Paul Harrington of the Center
for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University presents
evidence from the National Science Foundation that foreign
computer, math, science and engineering graduates of U.S.
universities at the bachelors, Masters and PhD level earn
the same average wage as their U.S. citizen counterparts.
American
Immigration Law Foundation
"Maintaining a Competitve Edge: The Role of the Foreign-Born
and U.S. Immigration Policies in Science and Engineering"
August 2004
The Immigration Policy Center's latest IN FOCUS report
examines the prominent role of foreign-born scientists and
engineers (S&Es) in the U.S. science and engineering labor
force. Despite their vital role, long-standing structural
flaws in the U.S. visa system and the unintended consequences
of security procedures instituted since September 11, 2001,
may be causing an increasing number of S&Es to forgo coming
to the United States, thereby depriving the nation of a critical
supply of human talent. Yet attracting this talent is a key
factor in maintaining the nation's economic competitiveness
and preeminence in science.
ACT
Policy Report
"Maintaining a Strong Engineering Workforce," 2003
This comprehensive policy report examines twelve-year
trends of more than 750,000 ACT test takers to find out why
there remains a continual decline in the number of U.S. students
planning to obtain science or engineering degrees. The study
finds that while overall employment in engineering is expected
to increase during the 2000-2010 period, engineering degrees
over this same time period are expected to remain stable.
The authors make recommendations to policymakers, private
industry and educators on ways to increase the U.S. engineering
workforce.
Building
Engineering and Science Talent (BEST)
"The Quiet Crisis: Falling Short in Producing American
Scientific and Technical Talent," 2002
BEST is a public-private partnership dedicated to building
a stronger, more diverse U.S. workforce in science, engineering
and technology by increasing the participation of under-represented
groups. Their report asserts that the U.S. is experiencing
a "quiet crisis" in the imbalance between supply and demand
of technically skilled workers. Naming priorities for government,
industry and non-profit groups, this study looks for ways
to quell the Quiet Crisis and keep America at the forefront
of scientific and technical innovations.
Carnegie-Mellon
Software Industry Center
"Europe in the Creative Age," February 2004
This new index finds that a "creative crescent" of northern
European countries is challenging the economic power of the
United States and other European nations. The growing U.S.
trend of discouraging the use of foreign workers has harmed
the country's international reputation, making the U.S. stand
to lose its grip on the world's highest-skilled workers.
Chicago
Council on Foreign Relations
"Keeping the Promise: Immigration Proposals from the Heartland,"
June 2004
Examining immigration trends in the Midwest U.S., this
report finds that foreign-born populations grew faster in
that region than the national average in the 1990s. The independent
task force authoring the report strongly recommends that the
U.S. eliminate caps on the number of business visas issued
to foreign nationals, in order to grow the U.S. economy with
the best and brightest employees from around the world.
Committee
for Economic Development (CED)
"Reforming Immigration: Helping Meet America's Need for
a Skilled Workforce," 2001
In this statement CED explores "the role that immigration
should play in the development of our future workforce and
in the continued economic growth and prosperity of our society."
The report concludes that proper, open immigration policies
will be of large benefit to meeting the U.S. demand for skilled
workers.
GAO
-- Testimony of Comptroller General of the United States
"Human Capital: Building the Information Technology Workforce
to Achieve Results,"
GAO-01-1007T, July 31, 2001
Testimony focuses on the federal government's crucial
need to hire skilled IT workers: "As is apparent, the need
for qualified IT professionals has placed the public sector
in direct competition with the private sector for scarce resources.
For the second consecutive year, federal CIOs have identified
the need for skilled IT workers as their most critical issue."
Hudson
Institute
"Global Aging and the Global Workforce," March 2003
Report finds that aging will exert a "double whammy"
effect on supplies of high-skilled workers-removing (due to
retirement and death) large numbers of the most experienced
workers from the labor force even as the cohort of young and
freshly minted university graduates declines due to low birthrates.
Hudson
Institute
"Beyond Workforce 2020: The Coming (and Present) Market
for International Labor"
A follow-up to the Hudson Institute's economic and demographic
study, "Workforce 2000," this white paper seeks to examine
current trends. One major finding is that the fiscal impacts
of aging, along with its demographic effects on declining
population and workforce growth, will further heighten the
need for foreign labor in the advanced economies of the world.
National
Education Association (NEA)
Report on Trends in Foreign Teacher Recruitment, June
2003
The U.S. faces substantially teacher shortages each
year in areas of math, science, foreign languages and special
education, as well as in schools located in "less-desirable"
locations. Therefore, public school systems throughout the
country are utilizing the services of perhaps as many as 10,000
foreign teachers in primary and secondary schools on "nonimmigrant"
work or cultural exchange visas, according to this study.
National
Science Board/National Science Foundation
"Science and Engineering Indicators 2004," May 2004
While the U.S. remains the global leader in scientific
research and development, along with high technology exports,
the future is uncertain, indicates this latest report from
the NSB. The biennial study concludes that the shrinking U.S.
science and engineering labor force is an "emerging and critical
problem" for the U.S., along with competition from other nations
that place a priority on science education. For example, the
study shows that the United States now ranks 17th among nations
surveyed in the proportion of its 18-24-year-olds earning
natural science and engineering degrees. In 1975, the United
States ranked third.
National
Science Board/National Science Foundation
"The Science and Engineering Workforce: Realizing America's
Potential," August 2003
This report names two major long-term trends imperiling
the U.S. scientific and engineering workforce: 1) The intensifying
global competition for S&E talent, such that the United States
may not be able to rely on the international S&E labor market
to fill unmet skill needs; 2) The decline in the number of
native born S&E graduates entering the workforce. NSB/NSF
recommends that the U.S. intervene to improve success in educating
S&E students from all demographic groups, especially those
that have been underrepresented in S&E careers.
President's
Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST)
"Assessing the U.S. R&D Development," October 2002
Report to the U.S. President on the "chronic issue"
of the human resources inadequacies in science and engineering.
Finds that foreign students are a key component of maintaining
and improving this scientific workforce.
RAND
"Federal Investment in R&D," September 2002
Prepared for the President's Council of Advisors on
Science and Technology (PCAST), this extensive report looks
at trends in Federal investment in research and development
since 1975. The report takes an in-depth look at the changes
in U.S. science and engineering education, along with the
science, education and technological workforce, finding that
federal investment in R&D has increased - but at too slow
a pace compared to international competitors. In-depth charts
and graphs included in report.
RAND
"Is there a Shortage of Scientists and Engineers?" 2003
This study uses comparative data of U.S. and foreign
students in the science fields to determine that there is
a shortage of scientists and engineers, especially due to
the lack of emphasis the U.S. places on science education
in comparison to other countries.
U.S.
Commission on National Security/21st Century
Phase III Report: "Road Map for National Security: Imperative
for Change," February 15, 2001
As part of their report on making significant change
in the U.S. national security apparatus, the Commission recommends
increased funding for research and development, as well as
increased emphasis on science education in the U.S. The Commission
also recommends that U.S. immigration policy be formulated
to ensure that the best and brightest foreign nationals stay
in the U.S., as competition for these students from all over
the world is greater than ever before.
Facts about L-Visas
National
Foundation for American Policy
“Understanding L-1 Visas and the Recent OIG
Report,” March 2006
In addition to explaining how the L visa is used, this report
found, among other things, that no evidence exists that L-1
visas are being widely used to circumvent restrictions on
H-1B visas for skilled professionals. This and
other findings refute claims made in a recent report from
the Office of Inspector General at the U.S. Department of
Homeland Security of mismanagement in the L-1 visa program.
Congressional
Research Report for Congress
"Immigration Policy for Intracompany Transfers (L Visas):
Issues and Legislation," June 12, 2003
This report to Congress gives an overview of the temporary
visa program, focusing on the L visa and its legislative history.
Using the latest U.S. Department of State data, the report
gives an assessment of the trends in issuance of L visas and
the company procedures for hiring an L-visa holder.
To order a copy of this study, click here.
Books
Flight
Capital, David Heenan, 2005
In Flight Capital, business writer David Heenan explores
the exodus of successful, foreign-born professionals who are
leaving America for opportunities in their native lands: China,
Ireland, Singapore, Taiwan, India, Mexico, Iceland, and Israel.
He identifies a dozen strong actions that the United
States can take to save its position as the world leader in
human capital.
The
Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for
Talent, Richard Florida, 2005
In The Flight of the Creative Class, Richard Florida
explains how the United States is in danger of losing its
status as the world’s greatest talent magnet, which
is crucial to its economic advantage.
The
Human Face of Global Mobility,
Michael
Peter Smith and Adrian Favell,
2006
This collection brings together political scientists, sociologists,
demographers, and ethnographers to explore the reality behind
assumptions about new global migration trends. It challenges
widely held views and specifically sheds new light on international
student migration.
Lockout:
Why America Keeps Getting Immigration Wrong When Our Prosperity
Depends on Getting It Right,
Michele Wucker, 2006
In Lockout, Michele Wucker argues that the U.S. economy
depends more than ever on immigrants, particularly highly
educated foreign-born professionals. While historically America
has predominately reaped the benefits of globalization, for
the first time ever, the world's most talented minds no longer
see America as the only destination of choice.
The
World is Flat, Thomas Friedman, 2005
In The World Is Flat, New York Times columnist
Thomas Friedman explains when the flattening of the world
began; what it means to countries, companies, communities,
and individuals; and how governments and societies can, and
must, adapt.
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